heart-rate-pulse-graph

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

Anesthesia Implications

Clinically reviewed by anesthesia providers · Updated

Reduced Cardiac OutputArrhythmiasAvoid HypervolemiaAvoid HypotensionAvoid TachycardiaDyspneaEdemaHyponatremiaAnemiaPulmonary HypertensionRenal DysfunctionOptimize Electrolytes

Pathophysiology

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is left ventricular dysfunction with an ejection fraction under 40%, and it accounts for roughly half of all heart failure. Coronary artery...

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