The long-term use of cannabis can lead to various chronic health effects, mirroring some conditions observed in habitual tobacco smokers. These include respiratory issues such as cough, bronchitis, and emphysema, which are attributed to the inhalation of smoke containing high levels of particulate matter. Cannabis smokers often inhale more deeply and retain the smoke longer than tobacco smokers, exacerbating the exposure to harmful substances. Additionally, the higher concentration of carbon monoxide in marijuana smoke compared to tobacco smoke may increase the risk of developing atherosclerotic diseases.
Chronic cannabis use also influences hormonal balance, leading to decreased concentrations of androgens and prolactin. This hormonal alteration can suppress gonadal function, resulting in reproductive issues such as impaired sperm morphology and function in males, and gynecomastia. In females, it may cause anovulation and galactorrhea. Moreover, regular cannabis use induces tolerance through the downregulation of CB1 receptors and endocannabinoid levels, affecting the body's natural endocannabinoid system and potentially altering physiological and psychological responses over time.
