Peripheral Nerve Injury (PNI) refers to nerve damage that occurs during the operative period, particularly associated with anesthesia and surgical procedures. It is a significant and recognized complication in the field of anesthesiology. Peripheral nerves, which are responsible for motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, can be susceptible to injury due to factors encountered during anesthesia and surgery, such as improper patient positioning, prolonged immobility, or direct mechanical pressure.
PNI is often linked to the administration of general anesthesia because patients are rendered unconscious and unable to reposition themselves or report discomfort. Without these protective reflexes, peripheral nerves can become compressed or stretched for extended periods, increasing the risk of injury. Commonly affected nerves include the ulnar, peroneal, and brachial plexus nerves, though any peripheral nerve can be at risk depending on surgical positioning and other factors.
While many cases of PNI resolve on their own, some may lead to long-term deficits such as chronic pain, sensory loss, or motor weakness. The occurrence of PNI has not only medical implications but also medicolegal significance, as it is a frequent source of malpractice claims in anesthesia practice. Thus, understanding PNI is essential for anesthesia providers to ensure patient safety and minimize the risk of nerve injury during surgery.
