This course gives anesthesiologists a practical, evidence-based roadmap for optimizing cardiac output in the OR using smart fluid strategies and pharmacologic support. You’ll review core hemodynamic concepts (preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate), learn how to apply zero-balance and goal-directed fluid therapy, and refine your use of vasopressors and inotropes based on real-time monitoring data. Special attention is given to high-risk populations—patients with cardiac disease, geriatric, and pediatric patients—so you can individualize fluid and drug management to improve stability, perfusion, and outcomes.