This course examines the rare but devastating complication of postoperative visual loss, focusing on ischemic optic neuropathy, central retinal artery occlusion, and occipital stroke in high-risk cases such as prolonged prone spine and cardiac surgeries. You’ll review patient, surgical, and anesthetic risk factors; practical prevention strategies including positioning, hemodynamic and blood loss management, and antifibrinolytic use (TXA); and best practices for early recognition, ophthalmologic consultation, and informed consent to reduce both patient harm and medicolegal risk.