Primary Name: Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida, or E. purpurea)
Other Names: Purple coneflower and sampson root
Dosage: Capsule: 1 to 3 grams three times daily
Indications/Homeopathic Use
- Advertised to enhance the immune system
- Prevention or treatment for colds/flu
- Bacterial infections
- Viral infections
- Bee stings
- Cancer
- Cholecystitis
- Digestive tract infections
- Eczema
- Fatigue
- Migraines
Perioperative Concerns
Prolonged consumption of Echinacea might lead to immunosuppression. Prior to surgery, there is no specific data detailing the exact duration for which a patient should discontinue Echinacea use. Nevertheless, it is suggested that cessation should occur at least seven days before surgery, with a preference for stopping two weeks prior to the procedure (Nagelhout & Plaus, 2023).
Additional Information
Echinacea is believed to boost the immune system and enhance resistance to infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It is also proposed that while Echinacea might reduce symptoms of upper respiratory infections, it does not prevent viral infections. Additionally, Echinacea is thought to possess anti-inflammatory properties, possibly through the inhibition of the hyaluronidase enzyme and the facilitation of cortisol release.
Although Echinacea does not directly kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, it is known to stimulate immune system activity by improving white blood cell function and enhancing bacterial encapsulation and phagocytosis. Importantly, Echinacea has been found to increase the release of tumor necrosis factor and the production of immune cells, as well as stimulate tissue granulation, which aids in accelerating wound healing. Anesthesia providers should be mindful of Echinacea's content of flavonoids, which can potentially interfere with the liver's cytochrome CYP450 metabolic system.
Echinacea's active components include alkyl amides, isobutyl amides, and caffeic acid esters. Generally, Echinacea is well accepted by most individuals; however, a subset of patients might report side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, sore throat, or dizziness. It is advisable to exercise caution and avoid its use in patients with immune diseases. Additionally, patients should be advised to limit their use of Echinacea to a duration of no more than 8 weeks.
